2015. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 2 (2): 143-181. ), Text Representation: Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects. 22During language production, however, a choice between p- and d-pronoun is necessary whether a competing antecedent is available or not. Sie mag am liebsten tanzen und Musik hören. 13Based on a broad survey of the existing evidence, Bosch (2013: 42) arrives at the generalization in [5], where “DPro” stands for d-pronoun and “PPro” for p-pronoun (see also Hinterwimmer, 2014). The strongest differences were found for two core properties defining accessibility – givenness and syntactic prominence, for which both syntactic function and clausal position had strong effects. your own Pins on Pinterest To this end, let us define the accessibility value of a potential antecedent as the sum of its accessibility increasing properties, where accessibility increasing properties are given, +subject and -final. 96In sum, in cases where a given clause-final object is the antecedent of the d-pronoun, the antecedent can be a topic or not. Because in most cases the reflexive was an inherent reflexive, we do not take the reflexive as the antecedent of the following pronoun but the reflexive’s antecedent, er (“he”) in the example above. Meister des Alltags XXL - Das SWR Quiz-Duellmit Enie van de Meiklokjes, Bodo Bach, Alice Hoffmann, Antoine Monot Jr. und den Gästen Anna-Carina Woitschack und Stefan Mross sowie Aminata Belli und Bastian Bielendorfer!Die vier Teams quizzen und kämpfen um die Wette für Spendengelder, die wieder an Projekte der Kinderhilfsaktion Herzenssache gehen. However, the rate of d-pronouns is still low even in cases where it is favored by several properties, as when the referent is an object that is new to the discourse. Since 2007 we cover startups from the point of their first funding. On the Syntax and Semantics of (Relative) Pronouns and Determiners. Les données de corpus montrent que le choix entre « p-pronom » et « d-pronom » dépend de plusieurs facteurs. Sie hat blonde Haare und braune Augen. Grammatische Überlegungen zu einer Teiltheorie der Textkohärenz. In total, 359 pronominal continuations were analyzed with about an equal number of cases in each of the four experimental conditions. 98The easiest way to adjust the accessibility-based criterion to both modalities would be to introduce a further factor modality, which reduces the rate of d-pronouns in written language and increases this rate in spoken language. Number of mentions of the pronoun’s referent in the preceding context for, Figure 2. 88A p-pronoun could also have been used in the examples in [18] and [19], but this would have put less emphasis on the referent. [C -1] Als Festredner hat Bahnchef Hartmut Mehdorn, ‘[C -3] The Deutsche Bahn AG (German Railway Company) is inviting to celebrate. Sep 22, 1927-d. Mar 4, 1936-s/o Wm & Blanche (Fry)-d.c. reads “Hare” Sec B . ), Byproducts and Side Effects / Nebenprodukte und Nebeneffekte. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, dropthebrandco.shop has it all. 10With regard to lexical content, the p-pronoun er in [2] and the d-pronoun der in [3] do not differ from each other. ), Anaphors in Text: Cognitive, Formal and Applied Approaches to Anaphoric Reference. Discover (and save!) & Rohde, H. 2013. Sie ist auch 15 Jahre alt. Zur Syntax der Pronomina im Deutschen. 73This difference could possibly be due to some form of priming caused by the determiner of the antecedent. The organization of this paper is as follows. Recency, in contrast, only showed a minimal difference between p-pronouns and d-pronouns. Marilla Muriel Fotomodel. Computational Linguistics 21 (2): 203-225. 1Much of language production is concerned with referring back to entities that were introduced at some earlier point in the ongoing discourse. She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films, as well as her women's rights work. Notre assortiment comprend des gâteaux savoureux, des viennoiseries sucrées et salées, une variété de petits pains et de pains, des produits faits à la main ainsi que des accessoires non alimentaires. 1996. 70:30. Given the data in Table 10, we conclude that the antecedent of the possessive pronoun is the antecedent of the p-pronoun, not the possessive pronoun itself. In A. Meinunger (ed. 91The question thus is whether the antecedent in these cases was not only given but also a topic. When hearing the d-pronoun der, in contrast, a preference for the clause-final referent was observed. La recherche déjà existante concernant ces pronoms s’est concentrée sur la compréhension du langage. Nasti van der Weyden. However, the last context sentence does not make an assertion about the discourse topic, but about the sentence topic, which is then taken up again by a pronoun in the continuation sentence10. Thus, sentences with an initial p-pronoun occurred about 23 times more often than sentences with a d-pronoun. During language production, coherence relations are also crucially involved with regard to the decision about which referent of a given sentence to take up in the next sentence. Two different properties can increase a referent’s syntactic prominence and thereby make it more accessible. 49These differences notwithstanding, Table 4 shows a large overlap between the p- and d-pronoun. For each sentence, the preceding context was also retrieved, limited to five sentences. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 58. 12.03.2018 - Finden Sie hier die passenden Bob Frisuren für ihr Gesichtstyp! Our corpus sample nevertheless contains a small set of 13 examples where the p-pronoun’s antecedent has an accessibility value of 0. The next section gives an overview of prior research concerned with p- and d-pronouns in German. Watson has been ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair, and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015. The values found in our study are 84.7% subject antecedents for the p-pronoun and 70.2% object antecedents for d-pronoun. The fact that a d-pronoun is nevertheless used to refer back to ein Kerl thus indicates that pronouns are inherently more accessible than lexical NPs4. However, even in this study information structure and linear position were confounded. Plusieurs modèles inspirants et conseils utiles ici. With 69.2%, the value that we found is only slightly higher. Joint distribution of the three properties “syntactic function”, “position” and “givenness” of the antecedent of the p-pronoun er and the d-pronoun der. The results for givenness defined in this way and the two syntactic prominence properties of syntactic function and clausal position are shown in Table 2. [C -3] Der 32-Jährige hatte, ‘[C -4] Costums officers have arrested a British man with 30 kilograms of cannabis in his luggage. Importantly, however, in slightly more than half of the cases where a d-pronoun is used, no local competitor is present. The authors claim that for both devices, the two types of pronouns can be described in different terms based on the salience and/or activation of their referents: whereas p-pronouns are chosen to refer to salient and activated referents, d-pronouns are chosen to refer to referents that need to be strengthened in terms of salience/activation. Distribution of corpus examples with p- or d-pronoun depending on the accessibility value of the antecedent NP. 20 nov. 2019 - La Team Sauvage a dégote rien que pour vous 10 idées de coiffures pour cheveux courts et mi-longs qui vont vous inspirer, sans aucun doute ! Our startup-radar list startups even earlier. Both the corpus study and the production experiment are confined to written language. Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions in Discourse. In addition, in five cases the d-pronoun was followed by a verb-final structure and two continuations were incomplete or missing. Vehicle classification . In this case, a relative decision rule can be used. 25Bittner and Dery (2015) had participants narrate short picture stories and found different preferences for German p- and d-pronouns in terms of discourse coherence. Since the syntactic constraints that are responsible for the placement of object pronouns are beyond the scope of the current paper, we only consider subject pronouns in the following. 64Twenty-four German native speakers completed a written questionnaire. Our vehicles undergo a series of checks and inspections. Verweise mit Demonstrativa im gesprochenen Deutsch: Grammatik, Zweitspracherwerb und Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Use our interactive store locator to search our 5,000+ locally owned stores to easily find the one nearest you. Snacks à base de pain - le pain dans tous ces états. 81Given that the accessibility value ranges from 0 to 3, the simplest decision criterion is one that predicts the use of the p-pronoun er when accessibility is high (2 or 3) and the use of the d-pronoun der when accessibility is low (0 or 1). Oct 20, 2013 - This Pin was discovered by Lone Hardiker. 51In sum, the antecedent’s definiteness has some predictive value with regard to the choice between p- and d-pronoun when the antecedent is a pronoun or, to a lesser extent, when it is an indefinite NP. Nouveau chez EDNA? Furthermore, there is a kind of parallelism effect. Thus, in striking contrast to the case of subject pronouns, for pronouns in the function of a direct object the d-pronoun outnumbers the p-pronoun. 2018 - Soyez à l'affût des tendances mode en optant pour une coloration de cheveux prune! The three classes with an accessibility value of 1 all occur with a much lower frequency of about 10%, and the three classes with an accessibility value of 2 with an even lower frequency of about 5%. An inspection of the examples did not provide evidence that the d-pronoun generally goes along with special emphasis, although – as discussed below – in some cases emphasis does indeed seem to play a role. 47Before discussing how the definiteness of the antecedent NP influences the choice between a p- and a d-pronoun, we first consider the relationship between the antecedent’s definiteness and its discourse status as given or new. All examples were checked and erroneous examples were removed from the sample. Table 15. For the p-pronoun, we find a similar number of elaborations and results on the one hand and also a similar distribution of explanations and narrations on the other hand. In context sentence [C -1], where it is mentioned again, the initial phrase can be considered a stage-setting topic. Unless there is a random choice of pronoun form in contexts lacking competing referents, the speaker needs an absolute decision rule, that is, a decision rule that only considers the properties of the single referent under consideration. [C -2] Bevor die Aufführung begann, hatte sie schon einen Clown herumlaufen sehen. Thus, even when the object is given, as in [6], it is still less accessible than the subject, and thus the d-pronoun prefers a given antecedent in this case. Number of mentions of the pronoun’s referent in the preceding context for er (p-pronoun) and der (d-pronoun). Because a logistic regression cannot be computed when one or more cells contain a value of 0% or 100%, we set the mean value in the cell “given antecedent in first position” to 2% by random resampling. ‘The classmate teased a boy, who was wearing an oversized cap. Our corpus results nevertheless suggest that even here the p-pronoun may be used more often than the d-pronoun. Mimikry Berlin. The givenness of these two constituents was also reflected in terms of the definite or indefinite article of the NP. 29For the corresponding accusative object pronouns, similar searches revealed 582 hits for Ihn (“him/p-pronoun”) followed by a finite verb and 943 hits for Den (“him/d-pronoun”) followed by a finite verb. Like for language interpretation, relative accessibility may be decisive when the context contains a competing referent, but relative accessibility will be of no help when there is no competing referent. The “DeWaC” corpus is a huge part-of-speech tagged corpus of written German built by web crawling. This bias is stronger for the p-pronoun than for the d-pronoun (χ2 = 20, p < 0.001), although the difference is not a large one. For ease of exposition, we will use the term antecedent both for the antecedent NP and for the referent of the antecedent NP in the following, unless the context requires the more specific term. This preference is strongest when the antecedent is given and appearing as a subject in the first position of the sentence. Experiment: choice of referential pronouns in subject-object structures, 4.3. EDNA International – votre partenaire compétent pour des produits boulangers surgelés de haute qualité. Naauwkeurige beschryving der aardgewassen : waar in de veelerley aart en bijzondere eigenschappen der boomen, heesters, kruyden, bloemen, met haare vrugten, zaden, wortelen en bollen, neevens derzelver waare voort-teeling, gelukkige aanwinning, en heylzaame genees-krachten : na een veel-jarige oeffening en eigen ondervinding, in drie onderscheide boeken, naauwkeuriglijk beschreeven worden Ellert, M. 2013. Discover (and save!) Miriam: Miriam ist 15 Jahre alt. When the pronoun’s antecedent was contained in the immediately preceding clause, Bosch et al. First, when the subject is given and the object is new and participants are required to refer to the object, the use of a d-pronoun is strongly favored, as this is the prototypical situation for using a d-pronoun. In [13], the continuation specifies the action of teasing somebody to pushing somebody. We hope you find what you are searching for! your own Pins on Pinterest In the second sentence, a second entity, which was always masculine, was introduced using an indefinite NP. Percentages (n) of definiteness categories of antecedents depending on pronoun type. Discover (and save!) Table 10 shows that the antecedent of the possessive pronoun has all three properties in the majority of cases whereas for the possessive pronoun itself this is only true for the property of givenness. Naauwkeurige beschryving der aardgewassen : waar in de veelerley aart en bijzondere eigenschappen der boomen, heesters, kruyden, bloemen, met haare vrugten, zaden, wortelen en bollen, neevens derzelver waare voort-teeling, gelukkige aanwinning, en heylzaame genees-krachten : na een veel-jarige oeffening en eigen ondervinding, in drie onderscheide boeken, naauwkeuriglijk beschreeven worden Pronomina im Diskurs: deutsche Personal-und Demonstrativpronomina unter “Zentrierungsperspektive”. However, the frequency difference is only moderate, and in absolute terms, both constructions are of very high frequency. Despite the numeric difference between given and new antecedents in clause-final position, the interaction between givenness and position did not reach significance. 37Here, one may again wonder whether the antecedent of er is the proper name Döring or the intervening possessive pronoun seine. 93In a similar way, we assume that in our experimental texts (see [12]) the given NP of the final context sentence was the sentence topic. Percentages (n) of given vs. new antecedent NPs depending on pronoun type, for proper name antecedents and definite antecedents. The WaCky Wide Web: A Collection of Very Large Linguistically Processed Web-Crawled Corpora. Kaiser and Trueswell (2008) obtained the same pattern that was found for German – a subject preference for the Finnish p-pronoun and a preference for the final, new NP for the Finnish d-pronoun. Zoomalia.com, l'animalerie en ligne au meilleur prix. Both may account for some part of the observed difference. Watson has been ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes and Vanity Fair, and was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2015. 86Examples of this kind have already been discussed in the prior literature (see Bosch, 2013). ‘[C -2] Just when the shadow of a tree with large, wide leaves vanished, (corpus = “DeWaC-9” text = “788291” id = “, [C -3] Die Deutsche Bahn AG lädt zur Feierstunde. & Weinstein, S. 1995. 11.05.2013 - This is my first major composite photo. We present a corpus study and a production experiment that investigated the choice between two types of pronouns in written German – personal pronouns and so-called d-pronouns, which have properties of both personal and demonstrative pronouns. In accordance with this assumption, Bader and Portele (2015) propose that d-pronouns prefer as antecedent the NP which is least accessible, where accessibility is defined at least in terms of the givenness, the syntactic function and the clausal position of the competing antecedent NPs.
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